Semester Overview
Analog Circuits
Definition: Analog Circuits focuses on the design and analysis of amplifiers using BJTs, MOSFETs, and operational amplifiers for linear and nonlinear applications.
Module 1: Diode Circuits
- P-N junction diode, I-V characteristics.
- Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.
- Zener diodes, clamping and clipping circuits.
Module 2: BJT Circuits
- Structure and I-V characteristics of BJT.
- BJT as switch and amplifier, small-signal model.
- Biasing circuits, current mirror.
- Common-emitter, common-base, common-collector amplifiers.
- Small signal and high-frequency equivalent circuits.
Module 3: MOSFET Circuits
- MOSFET structure and I-V characteristics.
- MOSFET as switch and amplifier, small-signal model.
- Biasing circuits.
- Common-source, common-gate, common-drain amplifiers.
- Small signal equivalent circuits: gain, impedances, transconductance, high-frequency circuit.
Module 4: Differential, Multi-Stage and Operational Amplifiers
- Differential amplifier, power amplifier.
- Direct coupled multi-stage amplifier.
- Internal structure of op-amp, ideal op-amp.
- Non-idealities: offset voltage, bias current, slew rate, gain bandwidth product.
Module 5: Linear Applications of Op-Amp
- Inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.
- Differential amplifier, instrumentation amplifier.
- Integrator, active filters.
- P, PI, PID controllers, lead/lag compensator.
- Voltage regulator, oscillators (Wein bridge, phase shift).
- Analog to Digital Conversion.
Module 6: Nonlinear Applications of Op-Amp
- Hysteretic comparator, zero crossing detector.
- Square-wave and triangular-wave generators.
- Precision rectifier, peak detector.
- Monoshot.
Analog and Digital Communication
Definition: Analog and Digital Communication covers modulation techniques, noise analysis, pulse modulation, and digital schemes for efficient information transmission.
Unit 1: Review of Signals and Systems & Amplitude Modulation
- Frequency domain representation of signals.
- Principles of Amplitude Modulation: DSB, SSB, VSB modulations.
- Angle Modulation: Representation of FM and PM signals.
- Spectral characteristics of angle modulated signals.
Unit 2: Probability, Random Process and Noise
- Review of probability and random process.
- Gaussian and white noise characteristics.
- Noise in amplitude modulation systems.
- Noise in Frequency modulation systems.
- Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis, Threshold effect in angle modulation.
Unit 3: Pulse Modulation
- Sampling process.
- Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM).
- Differential PCM, Delta modulation.
- Noise considerations in PCM.
- Time Division Multiplexing, Digital Multiplexers.
Unit 4: Detection Theory and Digital Modulation
- Optimum detection of signals in noise.
- Coherent communication with waveforms.
- Probability of Error evaluations.
- Baseband Pulse Transmission, Inter symbol Interference, Nyquist criterion.
- Passband Digital Modulation: Phase Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying, Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, Continuous Phase Modulation, Minimum Shift Keying.
Unit 5: Digital Modulation Tradeoffs
- Optimum demodulation of digital signals over band-limited channels.
- Maximum likelihood sequence detection (Viterbi receiver).
- Equalization Techniques.
- Synchronization and Carrier Recovery for Digital modulation.
Computer Architecture
Definition: Computer Architecture studies the organization, design, and performance of computer systems, including processor, memory, and I/O structures.
Module 1: Basic Structure
- Functional units, basic operational concepts.
- Bus structures, performance metrics.
Module 2: Instruction Set Architecture
- Instruction formats, addressing modes.
- RISC vs CISC.
Module 3: CPU Design
- ALU design, control unit.
- Hardwired and microprogrammed control.
Module 4: Memory Hierarchy
- Cache memory, mapping techniques.
- Virtual memory, paging.
Module 5: Pipelining
- Pipeline stages, hazards.
- Branch prediction.
Module 6: Advanced Topics
- Parallel processing, multiprocessors.
- I/O organization.
Microprocessor
Definition: Microprocessor covers architecture, programming, interfacing, and applications of microprocessors like 8085 or 8086.
Module 1: Introduction
- Evolution of microprocessors.
- Architecture overview.
Module 2: 8085 Microprocessor
- Pin diagram, architecture.
- Instruction set, timing diagrams.
Module 3: Programming
- Assembly language programming.
- Addressing modes, stacks, subroutines.
Module 4: Interfacing
- Memory interfacing.
- I/O interfacing, programmable peripheral devices.
Module 5: Interrupts and DMA
- Interrupt structure.
- DMA controller.
Module 6: Advanced Microprocessors
- Introduction to 8086.
- Segmentation, protected mode basics.