Semester Overview
Analog Electronic Circuits
Definition: Analog Electronic Circuits covers the design and analysis of circuits using diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs, and operational amplifiers for amplification and signal processing.
Module 1: Diode Circuits
- P-N junction diode, I-V characteristics of a diode.
- Review of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.
- Zener diodes, clamping and clipping circuits.
Module 2: BJT Circuits
- Structure and I-V characteristics of a BJT.
- BJT as a switch.
- BJT as an amplifier: small-signal model, biasing circuits, current mirror.
- Common-emitter, common-base and common collector amplifiers.
- Small signal equivalent circuits, high-frequency equivalent circuits.
Module 3: MOSFET Circuits
- MOSFET structure and I-V characteristics.
- MOSFET as a switch.
- MOSFET as an amplifier: small-signal model and biasing circuits.
- Common-source, common-gate and common-drain amplifiers.
- Small signal equivalent circuits – gain, input and output impedances, transconductance, high frequency equivalent circuit.
Module 4: Differential, Multi-Stage and Operational Amplifiers
- Differential amplifier.
- Power amplifier.
- Direct coupled multi-stage amplifier.
- Internal structure of an operational amplifier, ideal op-amp.
- Non-idealities in an op-amp (Output offset voltage, input bias current, input offset current, slew rate, gain bandwidth product).
Module 5: Linear Applications of Op-Amp
- Idealized analysis of op-amp circuits.
- Inverting and non-inverting amplifier, differential amplifier, instrumentation amplifier.
- Integrator, active filter, P, PI and PID controllers and lead/lag compensator using an op-amp.
- Voltage regulator, oscillators (Wein bridge and phase shift).
- Analog to Digital Conversion.
Module 6: Nonlinear Applications of Op-Amp
- Hysteretic Comparator, Zero Crossing Detector.
- Square-wave and triangular-wave generators.
- Precision rectifier, peak detector.
- Monoshot.
Digital Communication
Definition: Digital Communication introduces components, modulation, transmission media, standards, and security for reliable digital data transfer.
Unit 1: Communication System Components
- Introduction to Communication: Definition & means of communications.
- Digital and analog signals: sine waves, square waves.
- Properties of signals: amplitude, frequency, phase.
- Theoretical basis for data communication: Fourier analysis – Fourier series and Fourier Transform (property, ESD, PSD and Raleigh).
- Effect of limited bandwidth on digital signal.
Unit 2: Data Transmission System
- Physical connections: modulation, amplitude-, frequency-, phase- modulation.
- Data encoding: binary encoding (NRZ), Manchester encoding, differential Manchester encoding.
- Transmission Media: Twisted pair-, co-axial, fiber optic-cables, wireless media.
- Transmission impairments: attenuation, limited bandwidth of the channels, delay distortion, noise.
- Data rate of the channels (Nyquist theorem, Shannon limit).
- Physical layer interfaces: RS 232, X.21.
Unit 3: Standards in Data Communications
- Communication modes: simplex, half duplex, full duplex.
- Transmission modes: serial-, parallel-transmission.
- Synchronizations: Asynchronous-, synchronous-transmission.
- Type of services: connection oriented, connectionless-services.
- Flow control: unrestricted simplex protocol, simplex stop-and-wait protocol, sliding window protocol.
- Switching systems: circuit switching; packet switching – datagram, virtual circuits, permanent virtual circuits.
- Telephone Systems: PSTN, ISDN, asynchronous digital subscriber line.
- Multiplexing: frequency division, time, wave division multiplexing.
Unit 4: Security in Data Communications
- Transmission errors: feedback-, forward-error control approaches.
- Error detection: Parity check, block sum check, frame check sequences.
- Error correction: hamming codes, cyclic redundancy check.
- Data encryption: secret key cryptography, public key cryptography.
- Data compression: run length encoding, Huffman encoding.
Digital System Design
Definition: Digital System Design involves designing combinational and sequential logic circuits using gates, MSI devices, and advanced techniques.
Module 1: Review of Digital Fundamentals
- Logic gates, Boolean algebra.
- Minimization techniques: K-map, Quine-McCluskey.
Module 2: Combinational Logic
- Adders, subtractors, multiplexers, demultiplexers.
- Encoders, decoders, parity generators.
Module 3: Sequential Logic
- Flip-flops, registers.
- Counters: synchronous, asynchronous.
Module 4: State Machines
- Mealy and Moore models.
- State reduction, assignment.
Module 5: Programmable Devices
- PLA, PAL, ROM.
- Introduction to FPGA.
Module 6: HDL Basics
- VHDL/Verilog introduction.
- Modeling styles.
Microprocessor
Definition: Microprocessor covers architecture, instruction set, programming, and interfacing of microprocessors like 8085/8086.
Module 1: Introduction
- Evolution, overview.
- Microprocessor vs microcontroller.
Module 2: 8085 Architecture
- Pin diagram, registers.
- Timing and control.
Module 3: Instruction Set
- Data transfer, arithmetic, logical.
- Branching, stack operations.
Module 4: Programming
- Assembly language.
- Subroutines, delays.
Module 5: Interfacing
- Memory, I/O devices.
- Programmable interfaces (8255, 8251).
Module 6: Interrupts & Advanced
- Interrupt handling.
- Introduction to 8086.
Python
Definition: Python introduces programming concepts, data structures, and applications using the Python language.
Module 1: Basics
- Variables, data types.
- Operators, control structures.
Module 2: Functions & Modules
- Defining functions.
- Scope, modules.
Module 3: Data Structures
- Lists, tuples, dictionaries.
- Sets, strings.
Module 4: File Handling
- Reading/writing files.
- Exception handling.
Module 5: OOP in Python
- Classes, objects.
- Inheritance, polymorphism.
Module 6: Advanced Topics
- Libraries (numpy, pandas).
- GUI with Tkinter.
Signals and Systems
Definition: Signals and Systems analyzes continuous and discrete signals, LTI systems, and transforms for engineering applications.
Module 1: Introduction to Signals and Systems
- Signal properties: periodicity, integrability, determinism.
- Special signals: step, impulse, sinusoid.
- System properties: linearity, shift-invariance, causality, stability.
Module 2: LTI Systems
- Impulse and step response, convolution.
- Differential and difference equations.
- State-space representation.
- Fourier series, transform.
- DTFT, DFT, Parseval’s theorem.
- Laplace and z-transform, poles/zeros.
Module 4: Sampling
- Sampling theorem.
- Aliasing, reconstruction.