Semester Overview
Database Management Systems
Definition: Database Management Systems focuses on the design, implementation, querying, and management of databases, covering modeling, normalization, transaction processing, and security.
Unit 1: Database System Architecture
- Data Abstraction, Data Independence.
- Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML).
- Data models: Entity-relationship model, network model, relational and object-oriented data models.
- Integrity constraints, data manipulation operations.
Unit 2: Relational Query Languages
- Relational algebra, Tuple and domain relational calculus.
- SQL3, DDL and DML constructs.
- Open source and Commercial DBMS – MYSQL, ORACLE, DB2, SQL server.
- Relational database design: Domain and data dependency, Armstrong’s axioms.
- Normal forms, Dependency preservation, Lossless design.
- Query processing and optimization: Evaluation of relational algebra expressions, Query equivalence, Join strategies, Query optimization algorithms.
Unit 3: Storage Strategies
- Indices, B-trees, hashing.
Unit 4: Transaction Processing
- Concurrency control, ACID property.
- Serializability of scheduling.
- Locking and timestamp-based schedulers.
- Multi-version and optimistic Concurrency Control schemes.
- Database recovery.
Unit 5: Database Security
- Authentication, Authorization and access control.
- DAC (Discretionary Access Control).
Environmental Science
Definition: Environmental Science provides awareness about ecosystems, pollution, resource conservation, biodiversity, and sustainable development.
Module 1: Introduction to Environment
- Definition, components of environment.
- Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies.
Module 2: Ecosystems
- Structure and function of ecosystems.
- Energy flow, food chains, ecological pyramids.
Module 3: Natural Resources
- Renewable and non-renewable resources.
- Conservation and management.
Module 4: Environmental Pollution
- Types: air, water, soil, noise, thermal.
- Causes, effects, control measures.
Module 5: Biodiversity and Conservation
- Levels of biodiversity.
- Threats, conservation strategies.
Module 6: Environmental Laws and Sustainability
- Environmental policies and acts.
- Sustainable development, climate change.
Operating System
Definition: Operating System covers management of processes, memory, files, I/O, and protection in computer systems.
Module 1: Introduction
- Operating system overview, functions.
- Types: batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing.
Module 2: Process Management
- Process concept, states, PCB.
- Threads, scheduling algorithms.
Module 3: Process Synchronization
- Critical section problem.
- Semaphores, monitors, classic problems.
Module 4: Deadlocks
- Characterization, prevention.
- Avoidance (Banker’s algorithm), detection, recovery.
Module 5: Memory Management
- Swapping, contiguous allocation.
- Paging, segmentation, virtual memory.
Module 6: File System and I/O
- File concepts, directory structure.
- Disk scheduling, I/O hardware.