Thermodynamics
Definition: Thermodynamics is the study of energy, heat, work, and their interactions in systems, including laws governing energy conversion and properties of substances.
Unit 1: Fundamental Concepts
- Introduction, System & Control volume.
- Types of systems, Property, State & Process.
- Concept of Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Quasistatic Process.
- Exact & Inexact differentials.
- Work – Thermodynamic definition of work, Displacement work, Path dependence of displacement work.
- Definition of heat, examples of heat/work interaction in systems.
Unit 2: Temperature and First Law
- Temperature, Definition of thermal equilibrium and Zeroth law.
- Temperature scales, Various Thermometers.
- First Law for Cyclic & Non-cyclic processes.
- Concept of total energy E, Energy as a property.
- Various modes of energy, Internal energy and Enthalpy.
Unit 3: First Law for Flow Processes
- Derivation of general energy equation for a control volume.
- Steady state steady flow processes.
- Examples of steady flow devices like nozzles, turbines, compressors and heat exchangers.
- Unsteady flow processes, Throttling and Free expansion processes.
Unit 4: Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
- Definitions of direct and reverse heat engines.
- Definitions of thermal efficiency and COP.
- Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements and their equivalence.
- Definition of reversible process, Internal and external irreversibility.
- Carnot cycle, Carnot theorem, Absolute temperature scale.
- Clausius inequality, Definition of entropy S, Entropy as a property.
- Principle of increase of entropy and its applications.
- Illustration of processes in T-s coordinates.
- Irreversibility and Availability, Availability function for systems and Control volumes.
Unit 5: Properties of Pure Substances and Gas Mixtures
- Definition of Pure substance, Ideal Gases and ideal gas mixtures, Real gases.
- Properties of two phase systems – Constant temperature and Constant pressure heating of water.
- Definitions of saturated states, P-v-T surface.
- Use of steam tables and Mollier’s chart.
- Identification of states & determination of properties.
Unit 6: Thermodynamic Cycles
- Air Standard Otto, Diesel and Dual cycles.
- Their comparison.
- Basic Brayton cycle.