Applied Thermodynamics
Definition: Applied Thermodynamics deals with energy conversion in thermal systems, including combustion, power cycles, turbines, nozzles, condensers, and compressors.
Available PYQs:
2018
2022 (S1)
2022 (S2)
2024
2025
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Detailed Syllabus
Unit 1: Combustion and Steam Boilers
- Introduction to solid, liquid and gaseous fuels – Stoichiometry, exhaust gas analysis.
- Comparison between fire and water tube boilers, Essentials of a good boiler.
- Constructional and operational details of Cochran and Babcock and Wilcox Boiler.
- Study of high pressure boilers – Benson, Lamont, Loeffler and Velox boilers.
- Boiler mountings and accessories.
- Boiler performance, Natural & Artificial drafts, Chimney height.
- Maximum draft and chimney efficiency, Boiler heat balance sheet.
Unit 2: Vapour Power Cycles
- Carnot and Rankine vapour cycles.
- Effect of operating conditions on thermal efficiency of Rankine cycle.
- Rankine cycle with superheat, reheat and regeneration.
- Supercritical and ultra super-critical Rankine cycle.
- Binary vapour cycle.
Unit 3: Flow Through Nozzles
- Velocity and heat drop, mass discharge through a nozzle.
- Critical pressure ratio and its significance.
- Effect of friction and nozzle efficiency.
- Supersaturated flow, design pressure ratio.
Unit 4: Steam Turbines
- Classification, Impulse Turbine – Flow through blades, velocity diagram, power output and efficiency.
- Maximum blade efficiency of single stage impulse turbine, blade friction, compounding of impulse turbine.
- Reaction Turbine – Flow through impulse reaction blades, degree of reaction, velocity diagram, power output, efficiency and blade height.
- Comparison of impulse and impulse reaction turbines.
- Losses in steam turbines, stage efficiency, overall efficiency and reheat factor.
- Governing of steam turbines.
Unit 5: Steam Condensers
- Elements of a condensing plant, types of condensers.
- Comparison of jet and surface condensers.
- Condenser vacuum, sources of air leakage & its disadvantages.
- Vacuum efficiency and condenser efficiency, cooling towers.
Unit 6: Air Compressors
- Working of a single stage reciprocating air compressor.
- Calculation of work input, Volumetric efficiency, Isothermal efficiency.
- Advantages of multi stage compression.
- Two stage compressor with Inter-cooling, Perfect Inter cooling.
- Optimum intercooler pressure.