Semester 5 - Mechanical Engineering

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Semester Overview

Dynamics of Machines

Definition: Dynamics of Machines studies the forces and vibrations in mechanical systems, focusing on motion and energy.

Unit 1: Static and Inertia Force Analysis

Static force analysis of planar mechanisms.
Dynamic force analysis including inertia and frictional forces.
D-Alembert’s Principle.
Forces on reciprocating parts of an engine considering friction and inertia.
Dynamically equivalent system.
Torque exerted on the crankshaft, considering the weight of the connecting rod.

Unit 2: Balancing

Balancing rotating mass in single and several planes.
Balancing of reciprocating engine.
Concept of Partial balancing.
Primary and secondary balancing of multi-cylinder inline engine and radial engine.
Method of direct and reverse cranks.

Unit 3: Governors

Types of Governor: Watt Governor, Porter governor, Proell Governor, Hartnell Governor, Wilson-Hartnell governor.
Sensitivity, Stability, Isochronisms, Hunting.
Governor Effort and Power, controlling force.

Unit 4: Gyroscopic Effect

Spinning and precession, gyroscopic couple.
Effect of Gyroscopic couple on the stability of automotive vehicles.
Stability of four wheelers & two wheelers.

Unit 5: Mechanical Vibrations

Causes of Vibrations, Harmful and useful effects of vibrations.
Methods of reducing undesirable vibrations.
Basic Definitions, Types of Vibrations, Elements of vibrating system.
Equivalent stiffness of springs, Equivalent damping coefficient of dampers.
Damped Vibrations, Vibration Isolation.
Forced damped vibrations, Whirlings of shafts.
Longitudinal vibrations, Transverse Vibrations, Torsional Vibrations.

Design of Machine Elements-I

Definition: Design of Machine Elements involves selecting materials, calculating allowable stresses, and designing various mechanical components with a factor of safety.

Unit 1: Principles of Mechanical Design

General considerations, Ergonomic and value engineering considerations in design.
Role of processing in design, Design considerations for casting, forging, and machining.
Procedure of design of machine elements.
Engineering materials and their mechanical properties, Selection of material.
Theories of failures, static loading, factor of safety under different loading conditions.
Stress concentration, Concept of fatigue failures for dynamic loading.

Unit 2: Mechanical Joints

Design of riveted and welding joints under different static load conditions.
Design of screwed joints against static and eccentric loading.
Design of cotter joints and knuckle joint.

Unit 3: Keys & Couplings

Design of different types of keys: sunk key, saddle key, tangent key, round key, and splines.
Design of different shaft couplings against torque: Rigid & Flexible couplings.

Unit 4: Transmission Shafts

Design of shaft subjected to static loading: pure torsion, simple bending.
Combined bending and torsion, combined bending torsion and axial loads.
Design of shafts for fluctuating loads.

Unit 5: Springs

Terminologies of springs, Different types of springs.
Design of helical springs for static & dynamic loading, Eccentric loading.
Surge in springs, Springs in series & parallel connection.
Type and design of leaf springs.

Unit 6: Clutches & Brakes

Various types of clutches.
Design of friction clutches: Single plate clutch, Multi-plate clutch, Cone clutch, and Centrifugal clutch.
Block Brake with Shoe, Pivoted Block Brake with Shoe, Internal Expanding Brake.
Band Brakes, Disk Brakes, Thermal Considerations of Brakes.

Heat and Mass Transfer

Definition: Heat and Mass Transfer explores the movement of heat and mass through conduction, convection, and radiation in thermal systems.

Unit 1: Introduction and Modes of Heat Transfer

Introduction to three modes of heat transfer.
Derivation of heat balance equation.
Steady state one dimensional solution for conduction, heat transfer in Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical geometry.
Critical insulation thickness, lumped system approximation and Biot number.
Heat transfer through extended surfaces.
One dimensional conduction solutions for unsteady state heat transfer.
Approximate solution by the use of Heissler charts.

Unit 2: Heat Convection

Heat convection, basic equations such as continuity equation and momentum equation.
Introduction to boundary layer, laminar and turbulent flow.
External and internal flows (flow over flat plate and circular pipes).
Natural convective heat transfer.
Dimensionless parameters for forced and free convection heat transfer.
Correlations for forced and free convection.
Approximate solutions to laminar boundary layer equations (momentum and energy) for both internal and external flow.
Estimating heat transfer rates in laminar flow situations using appropriate correlations.

Unit 3: Radiation Heat Transfer

Interaction of radiation with materials, definitions of radiative properties.
Stefan Boltzmann’s law, black and gray body radiation, Wein’s law, Kirchhoff’s law.
Calculation of radiation heat transfer between surfaces using radiative properties.
View factors and the radiosity method.
Thermocouple error in temperature measurement.

Unit 4: Heat Exchanger

Types of heat exchangers, uses of different types of heat exchangers.
Dimensionless numbers for heat exchanger design.
Analysis and design of heat exchangers using both LMTD and ε-NTU methods.

Unit 5: Mass Transfer

Basics of Boiling and Condensation heat transfer.
Pool boiling curve, introduction to heat pipe.

Unit 6: Numerical Methods in Heat Transfer Analysis

Introduction to numerical methods.
Finite difference approximation, Steady state numerical methods.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning

Definition: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning involves cooling systems, refrigerants, and controlling indoor air conditions for comfort and industrial use.

Unit 1: Basics of Refrigeration and Air refrigeration

Methods of refrigeration, Industrial Refrigeration.
Unit of refrigeration, Coefficient of performance (COP).
Refrigerants: Definition, Classification, Nomenclature, Desirable properties.
Comparative study, secondary refrigerants, Introduction to eco-friendly new Refrigerants.
Ozone depletion and global warming issues.
Air Refrigeration Systems: Brayton refrigeration or the Bell Coleman air refrigeration cycle.
Aircraft refrigeration systems: Simple cooling and Simple evaporative types, Boot strap and Boot strap evaporative types.
Regenerative type and Reduced Ambient type system, comparison of different air refrigeration systems.
Advantages and disadvantages of air refrigeration cycle, Actual air conditioning system with controls.

Unit 2: Vapour Compression Refrigeration

VC cycle on P-V, T-S, and PH diagrams.
Effects of operating conditions on COP, Cooling and superheating.
Comparison of VC cycle with Air Refrigeration cycle.
Super critical vapour compression cycle.
Multistage Vapour Compression (VC) Refrigeration Systems.
Necessity of compound compression, Compound VC cycle.
Multistage compression with flash inter-cooling and/or water inter-cooling.
Systems with individual or multiple expansion valves.
Production of low temperatures: Introduction to Cryogenics, Multistage refrigeration system.
Two and three stage cascade systems.

Unit 3: Other Refrigeration Systems

Vapour Absorption Systems, Practical Ammonia Absorption System.
COP of the Absorption System, Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption Refrigeration Systems.
Electrolux Refrigeration system, Solar energy (Solar Concentrator) based absorption refrigeration systems.
Vapour jet, thermoelectric, and Vortex tube refrigeration.
Relative merits and demerits, Applications.

Unit 4: Psychometric & Air Conditioning Processes

Properties of moist Air, Gibbs Dalton law.
Specific humidity, Degree of saturation, Relative humidity, Enthalpy.
Humid specific heat, Wet bulb temp., Thermodynamics wet bulb temp.
Psychometric chart, Psychometric of air-conditioning processes.
Psychometric processes in air washer.

Unit 5: Heating and cooling load calculation for HVAC system design

Outside and inside design conditions.
Sources of cooling load and heating load, Heat transfer through structure.
Solar radiation, Electrical appliances, Infiltration and ventilation.
Heat generation inside conditioned space, Comfort and industrial air conditioning.
Load calculations and Heat pumps.

Unit 6: Equipment selection for HVAC system

Air distribution system, Basic of Duct systems design.
Filters, Refrigerant piping.
Design of summer air-conditioning and Winter air conditioning systems.
Temperature sensors, Pressure sensors, Humidity sensors, Actuators.
Safety controls, Accessories, Different types of compressor used in refrigeration.

Industrial Engineering

Definition: Industrial Engineering focuses on optimizing production systems, productivity, and resource management in industries.

Unit 1: Production system and Productivity

History of Industrial Engineering, Introduction, aim, and generalized model of Production systems.
Types of production system, Plant location, Plant layout, objectives, and types.
Productivity, various methods of productivity measurement.
Factors affecting productivity, Strategies for improving productivity, Industry 4.0.

Unit 2: Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Fixed & variable costs, Direct, indirect & overhead costs, & Job costing.
Recovery of overheads, Standard costing, Cost control.
Cost variance Analysis - Labour, material, overhead in volume, rate & efficiency.
Break even analysis, ISO standards, MFCA (material flow cost accounting).
Lean manufacturing.

Unit 3: Work Study

Definition, Objectives, Method study.
Principle of motion economy, Techniques of method study – Various charts, THERBLIGS.
Work measurement - various methods, Time Study - PMTS, determining time.
Work sampling.

Unit 4: Materials Management

Definition, importance of materials management in manufacturing industries.
Relevant costs, Inventory control models - Economic order quantity (EOQ).
Economic batch quantity (EBQ) with & without shortage.
Inventory control systems - P,Q,Ss Systems, determination of order point & safety stock.
Selective inventory control - ABC, FSN, SDE, VED, SCM.

Unit 5: Forecasting

Importance, Objectives, Forecasting and Prediction.
Types, Classification of Forecasting Methods.
Forecast Errors, Costs and accuracy of forecasts.

Unit 6: Production Planning & Control (PPC)

Objectives & variables of PPC, Aggregate planning.
Decision options - Basic & mixed strategies, Master production schedule (MPS).
Scheduling Operations, Gantt chart.
Sequencing - Johnson algorithm for n-Jobs-2 machines, n-Jobs-3 machines, 2 Jobs n-machines, n-Jobs m-machines.
Introduction to quality and Inventory turnover ratio.

Air and Noise Pollution and Control

Definition: Air and Noise Pollution and Control examines the sources, monitoring, and technologies to manage air and noise pollution.

Unit 1: Air pollution

Composition and structure of atmosphere, global implications of air pollution.
Classification of air pollutants: particulates, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide.
Oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, and photo chemical oxidants.
Indoor air pollution, Effects of air pollutants on humans, animals, property, and plants.

Unit 2: Air pollution chemistry, meteorological aspects of air pollution dispersion

Temperature lapse rate and stability, wind velocity, and turbulence.
Plume behaviour, dispersion of air pollutants.
The Gaussian Plume Model, stack height, and dispersion.

Unit 3: Ambient air quality and standards, air sampling and measurements

Ambient air sampling, collection of gaseous air pollutants.
Collection of particulate air pollutants, stack sampling.
Control devices for particulate contaminants: gravitational settling chambers.
Cyclone separators, wet collectors, fabric filters (Bag-house filter), electrostatic precipitators (ESP).

Unit 4: Control of gaseous contaminants

Absorption, Adsorption, Condensation, and Combustion.
Control of sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons.
Automotive emission control, catalytic converter, Euro-I, Euro-II, and Euro-III specifications.
Indian specifications.

Unit 5: Noise Pollution

Basics of acoustics and specification of sound.
Sound power, sound intensity, and sound pressure levels.
Plane, point, and line sources, multiple sources.
Outdoor and indoor noise propagation, psycho-acoustics, and noise criteria.
Effects of noise on health, annoyance rating schemes.
Special noise environments: Infra-sound, ultrasound, impulsive sound, and sonic boom.
Noise standards and limit values, noise instrumentation, and monitoring procedure.
Noise indices.

Essence of Indian Traditional Knowledge

Definition: Essence of Indian Traditional Knowledge explores ancient Indian wisdom, scriptures, and holistic practices like Yoga.

Unit 1: Introduction of Traditional Knowledge

Indian traditional knowledge of social, science, medicines, warfare, judiciary, etc.

Unit 2: Ancient Indian scriptures

Veda: Meaning, Types of Vedas - Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva-Veda.
Upveda: Meaning, types of upveda, Description of each upveda.
Vedang: Meaning, no. of Vedang, Description of each Vedang.
Updesha: Dharmshastra, Mimans, Puran, Tarkshastra, Important scriptures of other religions.

Unit 3: Modern Science and Indian Knowledge System

Various fields of Indian knowledge: Communication, Mathematics, Phonetics.
Metaphysics and Philosophy, Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Cosmology, Military Science, etc.